Dissociative Identity Disorder ( Psychological Psychology...

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is a disorder characterized by having multiple personality states. Within these altered states, a person with DID will have different personal and autobiographical characteristics which distinguish the different personality states from one another. According to Susan Nolen-Hoeksema (2014), DID is one of the most controversial disorders in clinical psychology. The reason for this is many people are critical of the validity of DID as an actual disorder. There have been cases where people would claim to have altered personalities, but were in fact malingering for attention or to avoid punishment for crimes. Also, many of the symptoms of DID overlap with the criteria associated with Schizophrenia (Hoeksema, 2014). Therefore, many psychiatrists today are reluctant to diagnose people with DID because they believe their symptoms could be attributed to another disorder, and many people are critical of DI D being an actual disorder is the first place. This reluctance and disapproving thought towards DID is what this paper will focus on. The aim of this paper is to prove DID is a legitimate disorder by showing the neuroanatomical and psychobiological differences between altered personality states in people diagnosed with DID. These show that there are biological differences which cannot be attributed to faking or malingering of symptoms and therefore prove DID to be a genuine, diagnosable disorder.Show MoreRelatedDissociative Disorders And The Most Controversial Disorders1055 Words   |  5 PagesMai Nguyen PSYC 1 Dec. 11, 2015 Dissociative Disorders Dissociative disorders are one of the most controversial disorders that exist. It is often argued that the disorder does not actually exist and that people are over-diagnosed. Dissociative disorders is a type of psychological disorder that involve a sudden loss of memory of change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual’s conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts. A common example of a dissociation isRead MoreConversion Disorder860 Words   |  4 PagesConversion disorder is a medical condition where its sufferers present neurological symptoms such as paralysis, numbness, blindness or fits without a known neurological trigger. Conversion disorder, formerly known as hysteria is considered a psychiatric disorder by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which classifies it as a somatoform disorder. Contrary, World Health Organization’s International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) classifies it as a dissociative disorder. TheRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder And Multiple Personality Disorder1399 Words   |  6 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is defined as â€Å"a severe condition in which two or more distinct identities, or personality states, are present in—and alternately take control of—an individual†. In 1994, the name of the disorder was changed to reflect a better understanding of the condition. DID is characterized by fragmentation, not by the growth of separate identities. DID is not a new disorder. However, it has been misunderstood forRead MoreMental Illness : Dissociative Identity Disorder1408 Words   |  6 Pagesasking within the psychology community. This is a topic filled with controversy still to this day. Psychology is a field that has been around for a long time, but we are still discovering new illnesses all the time. One mental illness that is becoming more apparent is dissociative identity disorder, formerly known as multiple personality disorder, but some argue that this illness is not real. To begin to understand what happens within a person with dissociative identity disorder, it is importantRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1041 Words   |  5 PagesGina Gerdik 12/16/06 Psychology Paper Period 9 Dissociative Identity Disorder Dissociative Identity Disorder is a severe psychological disorder characterized by at least two or more distinct personalities or different identities. The different personality states are said to occur spontaneously and involuntarily and function more or less independently of each other. The person suffering from the disorder also experiences memory loss that is too extensiveRead MoreDifferent Perspectives On Dissociative Identity Disorder1710 Words   |  7 Pageson life, sometimes even leading to Dissociative Identity Disorder. Even though Dissociative Identity Disorder has a place in The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the legitimacy of the psychiatric disorder is still a very much a controversial issue. In these two articles, â€Å"Multiple Personality -- Is It Mental Disorder, Myth, or Metaphor?† published in the Huffington Post website by Frances(2014) and Dimensions of â€Å"Multiple Personality Disorder† by Murray(1994) published by th eRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesI have never met anyone who has any sort of psychological problem, so I had to start thinking about fictional characters who displayed such characteristics. After thinking about the numerous movies that exist with characters who display psychological problems, one particular film came to mind. Teddy Daniels, played by Leonardo DiCaprio in Shutter Island is a perfect example of someone who displays dissociative identity disorder. Even though the movie leaves the audience curious as to whether DanielsRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder1221 Words   |  5 PagesThis research paper is about Dissociative identity disorder (DID) as known as multiple personality disorder. DID in which a person could have many different parts to their personality due to severe stress and an experience of a trauma. A person with DID when the have control over their one identity they cannot remember what they did when their other id entities were in control. Most of the time people with DID have two personalities but they could have more than two which is referred as alters. ThenRead MoreQuestions On Dissociative Identity Disorder1397 Words   |  6 PagesSeek (2005 film) - Dissociative identity disorder There is a number of mental illness out there, most of them are quite interesting. Due to Psychology are getting more and more popular, we could look for the information about most of the mental illness very easily, there are lots of cases that you could study, to have a better understanding of them. But there is one, that has always been with uncertainty: Dissociative Identity Disorder a.k.a. DID. DID is a psychiatric disorders that have a lot ofRead MoreDissociative Identity Disorder Of The Paleolithic Era947 Words   |  4 Pages Dissociative Identity Disorder Jorge Marquez Abnormal Psychology Professor Mackenzie It is quite unfortunate that many psychological disorders are not known out there. Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) being one of them. Of course, this disorder is said to have been discovered a long time ago. However, it was not seen as it is today. A few decades ago, most disorders were not even known how to be treated. Several before that, disorders weren’t even the first

Pneumonia Manual of Infection Prevention and Control

Question: Discuss about thePneumonia for Manual of Infection Prevention and Control. Answer: Introduction Joice is a 76-year-old lady presenting with pneumonia. She has a previous medical history of osteoporosis and a surgical history of hysterectomy. She is allergic to sulphur, and she is currently she is on Atonel and ostelin vitamin D calcium medication. She has started manifesting signs of having a productive cough, expectorating yellow sputum, being febrile (39.2oC), feeling of coldness, and shortness of breath. These are typical symptoms of pneumonia which affect gaseous exchange in the lungs. The elevated temperature can be linked to an infection in the lungs due to a certain pathogen while the shortness of breath is due to hypoventilation in the lungs due to consolidation (White, Duncan Baumle, 2012). A productive cough is a sign of a bacterial infection which causes irritation of the mucosa within the tract hence production of secretions by the goblet cells.Nosocomial pneumonia is an infection that usually affects the lower respiratory tract. It occurs when the system is not i ncubated during the period of patient admission and typically manifests itself few days after hospitalization. Investigations should be done to rule out other diseases such as metastatic lung cancers and pneumonia of radiation origin. Sputum evaluation, complete cell count and bronchoscopy are the major tests done accurately to diagnose the condition Patients under ventilator machines are at risk of contracting the disease (Lippincott, 2012). The occurrence of the condition in the old lady can be linked to her advanced age because her immunity is compromised. Other risk factors for the condition are alcoholism habits, HIV infection, diabetes disease and heart failures. Anatomy and Physiology Exchange of gases in the body takes place in the lungs. The upper respiratory tract delivers air into the lungs during inhalation. Lungs are covered by a serous layer referred to as pleura which contains pleural fluid that aids in the smooth motion of the lungs during the process of breathing. Each lung is divided into lobes with several alveoli in them (Marieb, E. N., Hoehn Hutchinson, 2014)). The alveoli are arranged in clusters facilitating sufficient gaseous exchange. Several factors determine the movement of air in and out of the lungs which include resistance to air flow and compliance of the lungs. The alveoli are highly vascularized to ensure maximum diffusion of the respiratory gases. The alveolar-capillary membrane is very effective in a healthy individual during this process due to its large surface area and its thinness. In a healthy adult, the gases diffuse with no complication due to the concentration gradient created in the capillaries and alveoli. Blood flow through the capillaries is referred to as pulmonary perfusion (Marieb, Hoehn Hutchinson, 2014). Any deviation from the norm in the process is due to a respiratory disease or anomaly. Microbiology The laboratory results show an elevated number of white blood cells mainly neutrophils (8x109/L) which should ideally be 2.0x109/L. This is typical of pneumonia infection. The arterial pH (7.0u/l) is lower than the norm (7.35u/l-7.45u/l). This can be attributed to building up of high levels of carbon dioxide as a result of ineffective ventilation (Williams Hopper, 2012). The levels of calcium are compromised from the usual of 10.0mmol/L.This is due to the advanced age of the patient which causes a decrease in oestrogen levels in the body. Oestrogen is a crucial hormone in calcium synthesis in the body (Fox, 2014)). There is an elevated level of aspartate aminotransferase hormone (39u/l) which is more than the usual value of between 12u/l and 20u/l. This is due to the increase of liver function of detoxification of impurities that build up in the body. The common microorganisms for hospital-acquired pneumonia are s.aureus, p.aeruginosa and enterobacter (Imran, Amjad Haidri, 2016). I t is often associated positive blood cultures. Certain strains of the pathogens are resistant to antimicrobial drugs except for vancomycin (Lippincott, 2012). This can be linked to overuse or misuse of certain antimicrobial agents. A new pulmonary infiltrate on chest x-ray is common. A purulent sputum and bacteraemia are common in affected patients Pathophysiology Following exposure of the lungs to a pathogen during the process of inhalation, metastasis of infected haematogenous agents or aspiration, the lower respiratory system gets compromised. The process is aggravated by impaired host defences or the presence of a pre-existing highly virulent organism (Hart, Loeffler Kent, 2012). Some diseases such as lifestyle illnesses, comorbid conditions, metabolic syndrome and malnutrition put the patient at a greater risk of acquiring the condition. The patient presents with advanced fevers,tachycardia, and pleural effusions. The state alters natural ventilation and diffusion of gases within the lungs. A reaction which brings about inflammation takes place in the lungs resulting in the production of exudates which consequently impairs the normal exchange of gases (White, Duncan Baumle, 2012). Leucocytes then shift into the alveoli and occupy the air spaces. The ventilation is inhibited due to the increased secretions and oedema from the mucosa whic h causes occlusion within the bronchi. Patients with a pre-existing airway disease may suffer from bronchospasm due to hypoventilation, poor perfusion results. Blood traversing the pulmonary circulation end up not being oxygenated adequately (Hart, Loeffler Kent, 2012). This brings about the deficiency of arterial oxygen hence the reduced oxygen saturation in the body of the affected patient. Nursing Consideration for the Patient in Relation to Infection Control Strict adherence to aseptic technique by nurses and other health care providers during any invasive and non-invasive procedure is essential in order to prevent introduction of microorganisms into the body that may possibly cause nosocomial infection (Damani Damani, 2012). Therefore, proper sterilisation of any equipment that is to be used in any invasive procedure is crucial. Additionally, disinfection of the hospital environment using a proper disinfectant should be advocated for by the nurse to minimize the chances of microorganisms thriving within the patients environment (Moody, Septimus, Hickok, Huang, Platt, Gombosev, Terpstra, Perlin, 2013). Furthermore, health personnel should thoroughly sanitize their hands with an appropriate alcohol based hand rub before and after touching the patient, prior to eating, following visit to a washroom and when the hands are visibly dirty. Sneezing directly into the hands should be discourages, instead a cloth or tissue should be used (Kaye, 2016) in an effort to prevent contact transmission of microorganisms to the susceptible patient. On the other hand, administration of prophylactic antibiotics to the patient should be done to create unfavourable environment for thriving of microorganisms is recommended. The Problem of Ineffective Airway Clearance Related to Productive Sputum/Tracheobronchial Secretions Intervention and Rationale Getting rid of the secretion is a priority measure. This is because any secretion that is retained can consequently affect the efficiency of gaseous exchange besides slowing the recovery process. Intake of water is also necessary for thinning and loosening the secretions. This facilitates easy elimination. Alternatively, a facemask can be used to provide humidification in order to realize the same effect of thinning besides reducing tracheobronchial irritation. A reflexing technique can be employed to initiate coughing if voluntary coughing does not result in complete clearance of sputum .A simple way to of initiating a cough is by the use of an incentive spirometer (Lippincott, 2012). This is necessary for improving the patency of the airway. The patient should be positioned correctly and done unto a deep inspiratory manoeuvre and an explosive expiration. Chest percussion and postural drainage are beneficial in physiotherapy as it mobilises sputum thus easy elimination. During this procedure, the patient should assume a convenient position and put under a mechanical precursor or manual vibrator so as to drain the secretion contents efficiently. If the patient does not have the energy to cough, nasal tracheal suctioning is advised (Perry, Potter Ostendorf, 2016). Oxygen therapy should be administered until a satisfactory value (95percent) is achieved. This can be shown by the use of a pulse oximetry or analysis of the arterial blood gas. The Problem of a Risk for Deficient Fluid Volume Related to Fever and Dyspnoea The nurse should promote fluid intake. This is done by persuading the patient to take a lot of water. When the fluid in the body is deficient, the respiratory rate of the patient increases because of the increased workload brought about by the bodys compensatory mechanism to counter fever and laboured breathing (Williams Hopper, 2012). A high incidence of respiration leads to an increase in fluid loss from the body during the process of exhalation. This potentially leads to dehydration. Two litres of water per day is advised unless the patient has another condition which contraindicates this measure. Administration of antipyretics is beneficial in countering fever (Lippincott, 2012). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen and ketoprofen are recommended. Reduced episodes of fever lessen the amount of water lost from the body through sweating. The patient should be encouraged to assume a comfortable position such as the cardiac position in order to facilitate easy breathing. Heavy exercises should be discouraged until the bodys oxygen saturation is normal. This is due to the excessive need for oxygen by the body due to building up of carbon dioxide on exercising (Montravers, Harpan Guivarch, 2016). In conclusion, hospital pneumonia is a lower respiratory system infection that results due to several factors which include reduced immunity, old age and increased exposure to pathogens. For this case, the patient may have been exposed to the bacterial pathogens due to reduced immunity that is associated with old age. With effective monitoring and management nosocomial pneumonia can be treated with antimicrobial therapy. Recognition of the specific pathogen causing the illness is crucial in order to identify the drugs that are active against the bacteria instead of empirical therapy that exposes one to more drug side effects. Additionally, vital signs should be monitored as well as interventions offered to normalize any deviation from the normal ranges. Noting complications and adhering to the current therapeutic regimen is crucial in facilitating early recovery. Misuse of antibiotics should be discouraged as it may result in resistance. If the patients condition deteriorates a chang e of management or referral is advised. References Damani, N, N Damani, N, N 2012,Manual of infection prevention and control, Oxford University Press, Oxford Fox, S, I 2014,Human physiology, McGraw-Hill, Mexico Hart, M, N, Loeffler, A, G Kent, T, H 2012,Introduction to human disease: Pathophysiology for health professionals, Jones Bartlett Learning, Sudbury Imran, M, Amjad, A. Haidri, F, R 2016, Frequency of hospital acquired pneumonia and its microbiological etiology in medical intensive care unit,Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences,32,4. Kaye, K, S, D, S 2016,Infection Prevention and Control in Healthcare, Elsevier, Philadelphia Lippincott, W, W 2012,Brunner and suddarth's textbook of medical -surgical nursing, 12th ed. + handbook + prepu, Wolters Kluwer Health, New York Marieb, E, N, Hoehn, K Hutchinson, M 2014,Human anatomy physiology, Pearson, Harlow, Essex Montravers, P, Harpan, A. Guivarch, E 2016, Current and Future Considerations for the Treatment of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia,Advances in Therapy,33,2, 151-166. Moody, J, Septimus, Hickok, J, Huang, S, S, Platt, R., Gombosev, A., Terpstra, L, Perlin, J, B 2013, Infection prevention practices in adult intensive care units in a large community hospital system after implementing strategies to reduce health care-associated, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections,Ajic: American Journal of Infection Control,41,2, 126-130. Perry, A, G, Potter, P, A Ostendorf, W 2016,Nursing interventions clinical skills, Elsevier, St. Louis, Missiouri Williams, L, S Hopper, P, D 2012,Understanding medical surgical nursing, Davis, Philadelphia White, L, Duncan, G Baumle, W 2012, Medical surgical nursing: An integrated approach, Delmar Pub, New York

Superstitious Stevie Wonder Josh Beck free essay sample

In my opinion, the three most important musical differences between the two versions of superstition that I noticed was the dynamics, singing voice and singing style, and tempo. Right from the beginning of both songs, you are able to notice distinct sound differences between the two songs. For example, Steve Wonders version starts with drums and a synch drum bass and then Steve adds the electric guitar. On the other hand, Jeff Becks version Immediately begins with the guitar, and eventually adds drums to the beat.In terms of the dynamics of the song, Wonders version has a softer, funkier sound to It. The drums of the beat are minimal and hide In the background, but support the song enough to carry the electric guitar and the horns. As for Becks version, you Immediately hear the hardness of the electric guitar being accompanied by the drums. Because of the heavy guitar played In the song, you almost get the Impression that the song Is louder and more chaotic than Wonders laid back, funky version. We will write a custom essay sample on Superstitious Stevie Wonder Josh Beck or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, I noticed that In Becks version that towards he end of the song, he has an amazing guitar solo and Just about at the very end a drum solo, while around the same time length for Wonders song, he stuck with vocals till almost the end of the song. Next, it isnt very hard to notice that both Beck and Wonder have very different singing voices and singing styles between them. After all, Wonder is known for his incredible RB vocals while Beck is best known to be one of the more influential guitarists in the history of rock music. Wonders singing voice and style is very harmonic with the melody of the song.Wonders voice immediately jumps at you, and you start to assume that he has quite the vocal range. On the contrary, Becks voice and style is lower and laid back. Its low enough that the listener can hear the beat and guitar taking over but Just loud enough so you can make out what he is singing. Finally, I feel as if the tempos of the songs are discreetly different. Becks version seems to be slightly more upbeat while the funkiness of Wonders version somewhat throws me off and gives me the feeling that its slower and laid back. What I enjoyed most about Wonders version of Superstition was the funkiness of the song.Overall, the song was very well balanced with outstanding vocals that are accompanied with a catchy melody. I found myself nodding my head along to the melody most of the time. I believe that it is Wonders vocals that are most appealing to listeners. However, I liked Becks version as well because it was a deferent version of Superstition that I havent heard before. Initially, I was not too fond of It, but after repeatedly listening to it, I gained an appreciation for his guitar work In the song, Welch Is what I think appeals to listeners.HIS guitar work really gives Its listeners a sense of the rock music Influence that Beck added. Superstitious Steve Wonder Josh Beck ay congruency erosion of superstition that I noticed was the dynamics, singing voice and singing erosion starts with drums and a synch drum bass and then Steve adds the electric guitar. On the other hand, Jeff Becks version immediately begins with the guitar, and erosion has a softer, funkier sound to it. The drums of the beat are minimal and hide n the background, but support the song enough to carry the electric guitar and the horns. As for Becks version, you immediately hear the hardness of the electric guitar being accompanied by the drums. Because of the heavy guitar played in the song, {o almost get the impression that the song is louder and more chaotic than Menders laid back, funky version. Also, I noticed that in Becks version that towards locals till almost the end of the song. Next, it isnt very hard to notice that both Beck vice and style is very harmonic with the melody of the song. Wonders voice Immediately Jumps at you, and you start to assume that he has quite the vocal range.Menders version somewhat throws me off and gives me the feeling that its slower to listeners. However, I liked Becks version as well because it was a different version of Superstition that I havent heard before. Initially, I was not too fond of it, but after repeatedly listening to it, I gained an appreciation for his guitar work in the song, Inch is what I think appeals to listeners. His guitar work really gives its listeners a sense of the rock music influence that Beck added.

stars of orion essays

stars of orion essays 01. Why do the stars in Orion look so different from each other? Looking at Orion is more than just looking at an area that is easy to recognize in the night sky. Orion is seething with activity and illustrates a clear and concise picture, of how stars are formed. It gives us the ability to compare different types of stars and most importantly, it's right next door to Earth, astronomically speaking. The interest in Orion is currently at frenzy level, astronomers have always been interested in Orion because it is only 450 parsecs (1500 light years) from Earth. As viewed from ground based telescopes, Orion has twice the angular diameter of the full moon, around 1 degree. Known as the saucepan, Orion has a most distinctive and easy to find star pattern, located in the same spiral arm of our Galaxy as the Sun. Orion is named after the Hunter of Greek mythology. If what we can see of Orion is considered exciting, that pales under the stark reality of what lies in the same region, that we can not see. To understand more about the differences in Orion, you must establish that there are differences between two sets of stars, the visible and the non-visible. The image above shows the distinctive blue/white colour of Rigel and the cool red supergiant Betelgeuse. At the center of the nebula is a cluster of four stars called the Trapezium. The brightest star in the Trapezium, known as Theta 1 Orionis C, is a very hot 39,000 Kelvin, and is the source of most of the UV radiation, which causes the nebula to glow. Below left, shows the four stars glowing brilliantly at the bottom left edge of the photo. The infrared vision of the Hubble Space Telescope's Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) is illustrating an Orion that few people outside of astronomers ever see. Thanks to Hubble more people are being introduced to astronomy with such magnificent images as these on the left. Stars in Orion looking different now t...

Friedman and Hayek's neo-liberal political economy Research Paper

Friedman and Hayek's neo-liberal political economy - Research Paper Example If the delivery of mail is a technical monopoly, no one else will be able to succeed in competition with the government. If it is not, there is no reason why the government should be engaged in it. The only way to find out is to leave other people free to enter. (Friedman 1982, p. 29) He therefore disapproves of the idea of the government monopolizing many fields where the private sectors would be able to participate in. Where there is an involvement by the government, because it is necessary, then it should be a legal monopoly, whereby the private sector is prohibited by the law to participate. Hayek Friedrich von Hayek and The neo-liberal political theory Hayek, while continuing with Adam Smith’s liberal traditions, comes to define the concept of minimal state. The most vital contributions include the radical opposition to social justice system which in his opinion disguises the defending of the middle class’ corporate interest. It promotes the complete removal of eco nomic and public social intervention. The idea of the minimal state was just a means of breaking away from middle class’ power which was known to be controlling the democratic processes with an intention of using the public treasury to redistribute wealth. Hayek’s views on neo-political economy as presented in the constitution of liberty (Hayek 1960) and advocates for elimination of ruling, privatization, elimination of housing, fighting of unemployment through the limitation of the number of programs, , reduction of the total social security expenditures, subsidies and rent control and lastly to remove the power of the trade unions. Redistribution cannot be ensured by the state to serve social justice system. Its function is to provide the legal means that... This paper illustrates both Hayek and Milton Friedman defend neo-liberal economy on grounds that it is rational and an inherently free way that people may relate to one another, by removing undue obstacles that the state often imposes on the exchange of goods and services. Neoliberal political economic theory therefore goes beyond identification of the market as a mere place for production of goods and services but as a place that is tangential top the interaction of people. This conception of market economy issues being closely intertwined with socio-moral issues and social relations have equally been raised by the classical liberal theorist. Robins, for instance, stresses the value of inherent morality that underlies ensuring free exchange in the market. He asserts that the ultimate value of liberal political economy is liberty, and not just the market or private ownership. Liberty is very important to the society, in order that every member of the society may be in a position to o ptimize his or her social contribution. When the government gets too much into controlling the private individuals, their optimal contributions will be greatly minimized by the systematic obstacles that the state put in place, such as limitation as to quotas, quantity of exports, price fixing and so on. Such erosion of liberty in the manner an individual deals with one’s products in the market would be a great disincentive to the spirit of enthusiasm, which sustains production.

Hate crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Hate crimes - Essay Example Other standard investigations by the FBI include religious bias in the form of religious structure vandalism or damage and election crimes in the form of prohibiting one from voting due to religious, race, color, or disability (FBI â€Å"Overview†). The FBI has developed the Cold Case initiative that looks into and identifies unsolved cases that they act on to find answers and impart justice on behalf of the victims and their families. The FBI task force has also partnered with civil society, community groups, non-governmental organizations, and the local, state and county statute enforcement agencies to implement the task of investigating and execution effectively. The partnerships set the ground for training workshops and dialogue for awareness creation on hate crime. Such a platform is key to confidence building so that individuals can learn to report cases of hate crime to the FBI. The FBI Uniform Crime Reporting Program (UCR) compiles hate crime data submitted voluntarily by about 17000 law enforcement agencies across the United States. Their personnel is properly trained to ensure authenticity if they collect and send to the FBI. Statistics shows a decrease in hate crime related offenses from 7722 in 2006 to 6624 in 2007. In 2007, out of the 6624, only three were multiple-bias incidents while the remaining 6621 being single-bias incidents. These included 50.8% racial bias, 18% religious bias, 17% sexual oriented bias and 13.2% ethnic or racial bias (FBI â€Å"Overview†). From statistics, intimidation was the leading type of hate crime with 47% followed by simple assaults and aggravated assaults with 31% and 26.9 respectively. About 81% of hate crimes against property involved destruction, damage or vandalism as followed by 18.6% involving burglary thefts, bribery and counterfeiting. Hate incidents could be single or multiple biases.

Exploring Geneses and Linkages Essay Example for Free

Exploring Geneses and Linkages Essay The contours of international relations changed dramatically during the 20th century, which saw three great conflicts on the world stage. While the First and the Second World Wars were largely located in Europe but found the participation of every major power across the globe, the Cold War split the international system into two ideologically distinct parts, and escalated the scale and scope of contestation beyond Europe. The aim of this essay is to reflect upon the causes behind each of the great wars of the previous century, and also to explore the linkages (and resulting continuity) between one to the next. By looking at the origins of the First World War, we shall find the genesis of the Second, and by analyzing the circumstances of the latter’s conclusion, we shall seek to explicate the onset of the Cold War. The origins of the First World War, which stretched from 1914 to 1918, lay primarily in two distinct geopolitical developments of the late 19th and early 20th century. The first of these was the unification of the German state following the relative period of peace in the wake of the Napoleonic Wars. In 1871, the German unification found the dominance of a singular territory at the center of Europe. Even though thee were initial reservations against German expansionism, the country’s imperial aspirations soon became apparent. A growing population, vast territories, military and industrial growth in an emergent Germany upset the European balance of power at the beginning of the 20th century. As a response, Great Britain, France, and Tsarist Russia formed an alliance, which sought to curtail Germany’s increasing search for territory and markets, with North Africa and the Middle East emerging as primary spheres of contention. While the former alliance maintained that they were safeguarding national interests against German imperialism, the latter claimed it was the victim of the imperial system that restricted access to new opportunities. Matters came to a head in 1914 and war ensued between the imperial alliance and revisionist Germany. A great degree of debate surrounds the causation of the First World War’s outbreak, with some historians squarely placing the blame on Germany, while others arguing that the War resulted out of a series of chain reactions in part due to the manner in which German military plans were conceived. The War ended with a victory for the Anglo-French alliance, but the Tsar of Russia was overthrown by the (communist) Red Army in the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The post-War settlement came at Versailles in 1919, with Britain and France held Germany completely responsible for the conflict. Therefore, the settlement – though there were disagreements among the victors over its terms – was harsh on Germany, and included a series of reparations that critically undermined Germany’s status in Europe. Germany was forced to demilitarize, while France occupied the strategic and resource-rich territories of the Rhineland. Perhaps the most humiliating of all clauses in the Treaty of Versailles, however, was the â€Å"War Guilt† clause, which demanded heavy economic extractions from Germany. These were presumably done because it was a popular move domestically for the Allies and also because it provided the opportunity to permanently curb German efforts to fight major wars. These strategies, however, proved imprudent in the end. One of the distinguishing features of the post-First World War world order was the formation of the League of Nations, an international organization based on the premise of common objectives and collective security. Though the League served as the precursor to the United Nations, its implementation left its leading voice – American president Woodrow Wilson – dissatisfied. The League adopted a policy of appeasement, without bearing down on Italian, German, or Japanese aggression in the 1930s, and precipitated the onset of the Second World War in 1939. However, World War II (which lasted from 1939 to 1945) had much deeper origins in the Treaty of Versailles than in the failings of collective security. We must remember that the harshness of the Treaty had embittered the German population, and the same set the scene for Adolf Hitler’s National Socialist Party to come to power in 1933. Soon after, democratic institutions in Germany were obliterated and replaced by the Nazi propagandist machinery; Hitler began rearming the country and massively investing in industry and technological innovation, while adopting a policy of anti-Semitism socially. In Europe, a series of crises spiraled out of control and led to the outbreak of war. Italian annexation of Abyssinia, German remilitarization of the Rhineland, and expansion into Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland, and sustained civil war in Spain were all contributing factors. Soviet Russia, under the leadership of Joseph Stalin, entered into a non-aggression pact with Germany in 1939, so as to secure its western borders; this provided Hitler with the opportunity to concentrate on the rest of Europe, as he gradually unfurled his plans of continental domination. There remains a considerably vigorous debate with respect to the origins of the War in Europe, as many historians see it as an extension of the First World War, with the structural imbalances resulting out of the rise of and alliance between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Others claim that it was a war effort carefully constructed and implemented by Hitler, who had prepared meticulously for the War throughout the 1930s, turning the German state into an efficient war machine. It must be noted, however, that the formal declaration of war in 1939 came from Great Britain and France. A significant difference between the First and Second World Wars was the proliferation of war in the Eastern front, as Japan joined hands with Germany and Italy to form the Axis powers. The Meiji Restoration in Japan, Japanese expansionism in China and the Manchurian Crisis of 1931 opened the casket of war in East Asia, and Japanese aggression on the United States (US) – the (in)famous Pearl Harbor bombings – in 1941 meant that the latter had to terminate its isolationist policy and enter the War. In Europe, the German invasion of Soviet Russia in 1941 facilitated the alliance of Stalin’s regime with the Allied Powers. The last two incidents are noteworthy because these tilted the strategic and military balance in favor of the Allies, leading to an eventual victory in 1945. The Second World War remains the bloodiest military conflict in the history of humanity, and left most of Europe devastated. However, even before the dust could settle on the scourge of war, a new form of conflict emerged, as the US and the Soviet Union (USSR) found themselves vying for supremacy at the world stage; the end of the War had seen the traditional great powers depleted in resources and influence, and this power vacuum attracted both the Americans and the Soviets. The ensuing Cold War between these two superpowers would define the topography of international politics for the next four and a half decades. There, however, were other lessons to be drawn from the end of the Second World War, which inform us about the onset of the Cold War. The Wartime alliance amongst the US and the USSR had grown fragile by 1945, and serious disagreements ensued over post-War settlements. On the eastern front, World War II in effect ended with America’s explosion of the atomic bomb in Japan (Hiroshima and Nagasaki) in 1945. This also confirmed the US’ position as the sole nuclear power, while the USSR retained a conventional superiority in Europe. Even before the latter could attain nuclear parity (which happened in 1949), the two superpowers were at loggerheads as both attempted to assert their influence over Europe, culminating in the Berlin Blockade of 1948, which concretized the Iron Curtain that divided Western and Eastern Europe. The Cold War was characterized by a struggle for power between the US and the USSR, in order to achieve global dominance, both in terms of ideology and military might. The East-West conflict was organized by way of two monumental alliances: the US-led North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the USSR-led Warsaw Pact. Further, a nuclear arms race was another defining feature of the Cold War, with massive arsenals stockpiled by either side. Though the world came close to Armageddon more than once (especially during the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962), nuclear deterrence preserved the bipolar peace of the Cold War. We find that there are three distinct interpretations of the Cold War. The first understand the conflict as a contest between rival ideologies – liberalism and communism – that tore the world asunder from 1945 to 1991. This ideological divide not only resulted from the unique histories and political cultures of the United States and Russia, the ideologies in turn determined policies, further reinforcing the divide. A second explanation of the Cold War casts the conflict as a geopolitical struggle where adversaries of relatively equal strength endeavored to gather more power and influence over other states in the international system. In this view, the Cold War was nothing but a clash of national interests. Another view sees the Cold War as the result of technological developments, most importantly nuclear weapons, culminating in a deadly arms race between the two superpowers. A major characteristic of the Cold War remained that there was never any direct confrontation, except in diplomatic circles, between the two rivals; instead a series of proxy wars were fought across the globe, designed to advance superpower interests. The end of the Cold War, again, is an event surrounded by debate. Many suggest that it was the aggressive stance of the Reagan administration that brought an end to the conflict, while others claim that it was a result of changes in Soviet policies under Mikhail Gorbachev. Thus, we find in our exploration of the three major conflicts of the 20th century that there remain several linkages that establish continuity from one to the other. All of these bear historical significance in our understanding of war and, in effect, lead the paths to the present when contemplating about international conflicts.