Nature vs. Nurture a Biblical Perspective - 1531 Words

RUNNING TITLE: Nature vs. Nurture Nature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective Ouida Lynne Heath Psychology 101, Module 5 Professor Roberts December 17, 2009 Nature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective The Nature versus Nurture debate has been ongoing for centuries. People have tried to gain power through knowledge in determining what causes the human â€Å"mind to tick.† For centuries leaders and scientists have performed unethical and immoral studies to determine why two people with similar genetic composition can come from similar backgrounds and turn out so differently. I have witnessed a person raised in a poor home by parents with drug addictions†¦show more content†¦Scripture also says that the Lord teaches the way we should go, and He will counsel us and watch over us. (Psalm 32:8-10). Even though God teaches, sometimes we choose not to learn. We, as individuals, have the power of choice. We have â€Å"free will†. This is illustrated in Genesis when Eve chose to eat the fruit. It is possible for a child to be raised correctly and then turn from their teachings and pursue a life totally different. God trained the nation of Israel, but the peop le still abandoned His teachings. â€Å"Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth: for Jehovah has spoken: I have nourished and brought up children, and they have rebelled against me.† (Isaiah 1:2) We read and learn about studies and experiments. We argue and debate one another which has more influence: genetics or environment? The Bible even says we are perfectly made, however we are still influenced by our surroundings and other people. The bottom line is that we have a choice. We can choose to follow God and let His will be done in our lives, or we can choose to let the environment determine our outcome. Paul said it best: â€Å"Be not deceived: Evil companionships corrupt good morals.† (1Corinth. 14:13) My mother was an admitted alcoholic when I was a child and loved to party. She abandoned me and my Grandmother took me into her home to raise. My Grandfather was an alcoholic and was verbally abusive to our entire family. MyShow MoreRelatedNature vs. Nurture: A Biblical Perspective1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nature versus Nurture debate has been ongoing for centuries. People have tried to gain power through knowledge in determining what causes the human â€Å"mind to tick.† For centuries leaders and scientists have performed unethical and immoral studies to determine why two people with similar genetic composition can come from similar backgrounds and turn out so differently. I have witnessed a person raised in a poor home by parents with drug addictions become a thriving contributable member of societyRead MoreSix Major Tenants of Personality Theory Essay2500 Words   |  10 PagesUniversity Abstract This paper will  review  the six major tenants of personality theory. The first discussed are the foundations of psychology, which are: nature versus nurture, the unconscious, and view of self. Each of these foundations are important to  the development of  a psychologically healthy person. Nature versus nurture is a long time debated concept within psychology that argues whether a  person’s behaviors  are derived  from genetics and what  are derived  from the things we learn.Read MorePersonality Theory And The Psychological Processes Of Functioning And Psychopathology2377 Words   |  10 PagesThere are different areas of personality theory, such as the roots of personality in the individual, and the role of personality in achieving happiness, productivity, etc. The core of all personality research is centered on the question of nature versus nurture. The fundamental question is whether personality is a â€Å"naturally† derived thing hardwired in at birth or as socialized through the â€Å"nurturing† of the parent in youth. Secondary to this question, though working quite in conjunction, is thatRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Personality Theories1855 Words   |  8 Pagesamong us has that privilege? The best approach is to follow Biblical personality characteristics and its cases of identity qualities, however in research men and ladies alike have made efforts at attempting to direct research to study human practices. While some of these are exact and can aid advancement of behavioral medical problems, some of them are inadequate with regards to truth. For instance, the issue of nature versus nurture will be talked about. The specialist would need to be in a fair-mindedRead MoreNature Vs Nurture : Nature Versus Nurture2710 Words   |  11 PagesAbstract If someone inquires about nature versus nurture, this paper will give not one specific answer but a combination of both answers. Human personality is a combination of environment and a biological characteristic that controls precisely where the individual will end up in the developmental spectrum. The experiences that individuals will develop from throughout stages of development, their childhood and into their adulthood, play a great part in their conscious and unconscious motives. TheRead MoreRole of Marriage in Society2476 Words   |  10 PagesRole of Marriage in Society 1 Introduction: This paper will examine society’s view on marriage. This issue is worthy of investigation because everyone has different perspectives and opinions on marriage. They should be informed about both sides of opinions. Everyone should be respected no matter who they are or who they love. If a man loves a man then people should celebrate it rather than destroy it. The goal of this paper will be to share both views of marriage and will include the history ofRead MoreLeadership Styles And Leadership Philosophies3775 Words   |  16 Pagesspirituality by its nature may or may not encompass the affirmation of a higher power, a God, or specific religious doctrine it does support a connection with being part of something larger than one’s self and prayer allows an opportunity for leaders to make spiritual connections. Thus both Porter-O-Grady and Malloch’s fourth spiritual rule and O’Brien’s behavioral theme Embracing a Higher Power, encourage l eaders to utilize spirituality in their leadership role. Differences Serving the Self vs. Serving OthersRead MoreCoun 5014908 Words   |  20 Pagesis talk. There are many reasons why one may become a counselor. Some of the main reason being; excitement and satisfaction for helping people change, opportunity for evaluating one’s own life, desire to nurture others, or even joy of seeing others become in control of their lives vs. â€Å"victims†. This job is not for everyone; for instance a person with anger, unresolved issues and habitual relationship conflicts may not fit the role of a â€Å"good counselor†. A counselor would be one with innerRead MoreA Christian Approach to Homosexuality7265 Words   |  30 Pages 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. BIBLE AND HOMOSEXUALITY 1. Biblical View of Sexuality 2. Old Testament on Homosexuality 2a. Stories of Sodom and Gibeah 2b. Levitical Texts 3. New Testament on Homosexuality 3a. Paul’s Statements in Romans 3b. Other Pauline Texts II. BIOLOGYRead MoreA Concept Of A Calling5698 Words   |  23 Pages(Carter, 2014). An early usage was the Biblical calling of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the Old Testament. The New Testament used the term for the calling of the disciples by Christ (Scott, 2007). During the Protestant Reformation the idea that ?earthly? occupations could have spiritual significance was developed (Dik Duffy, 2009). Since the Reformation, a secular perspective of the concept of ?a calling? has developed, although religious perspectives continue to have meaning particularly in

The Burden in The Things They Carried by OBrien Essay

The Burden in The Things They Carried by OBrien In The Things They Carried, OBrien made reference to the Vietnam war that was closely associated with the physical, psychological, and emotional weight the soldiers beared. The overall method of presentation of this story incorporated many different outlooks on the things the soldiers carried, dealt with, and were forced to adapt to. In addition to this, OBrien showed us the many reasons why and how the soldiers posessed these things individually and collectively and how they were associated directly and indirectly. The strong historical content in The Things They Carried helped emphasize the focus of the story and establish a clearer understanding of details in the†¦show more content†¦Vietnam made a big portion of history also through its use of slang and war specified language. This language came about through many means including its adaption to the Vietnamese language, coded words, phrases, profanity and initials that represent war objects, and other means, and to r epresent or even hide their emotional stand points. On page 19, OBrien describes the young soldiers as actors. They were afraid of dying but they were even more afraid to show it. On page 12, Lieutenant describes his feelings for Martha as dense, crushing love. He then explains how he wants to sleep inside her lungs, breathe her blood, amd be smothered. This sounds like extremely harsh description for love. However, the soldiers environment became the most they could relate to. For example, to describe the death of a soldier, theyd used phrases such as Boom. Down. Like Cement, or flat fuck fell. OBrien explains how the soldiers would make conscious efforts to joke about things and make comical references to have themselves laugh. Page 19 describes that they used a hard vocabulary to contain the terrible softness. At the end of page 18 and beginning of page 19, we find that the men would now and then panic and have the desire to cry out for the misery to stop. Theyd make u nguaranteed promises to God and their parents in hope that that would be their source of survival. On page 11 OBrien tells that the Imagination was aShow MoreRelatedRemembrance is a Substantial Burden in the Book, The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien614 Words   |  2 Pages Remembrance; the mental impression on the brain from a certain event. Each soldier in the book, The Things They Carried, experiences some sort of remembrance whether it be saddening or enlightening. Remembrance is consistently perceived as the ability our brains have to go back and revisit moments in time which either disturb us, or give to us a feeling of pure happiness. Its mere sound provokes thought along with curiosity. Generally, when we are alone, surrounded by a nonchalant atmosphere, ourRead MoreThe Things They Carried Questions1139 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Things They Carried† Questions a) The main topic of this novel is burdens. O’Brien is writing about what burdens the soldiers and he had to carry throughout war, physically and emotionally. One way I know is because of the title- â€Å"The Things They Carried.† This title almost summarizes the whole book. O’Brien frequently showed and explained the burdens that were inner conflicts of his and outer conflicts too. In the chapter â€Å"The things They Carried,† O’Brien showed an emotional burdenRead MoreHeroism In Tim OBriens The Things They Carried1684 Words   |  7 Pagesis far from the reality that is war. A more realistic rendition of war is seen in Tim O’Brien’s short story, The Things They Carried. Throughout the story, O’Brien uses metafictional characters to portray the physical and emotional burdens carried by American soldiers who were forced to conform to societal expectations upon being drafted for the Vietnam War. The literary elements Oâ⠂¬â„¢Brien uses throughout the story to convey this theme are symbolism, imagery, tone, and inner conflict of the protagonistRead MoreTim OBriens Captivating and Life-Changing Story The Things They Carried632 Words   |  3 Pages â€Å"The Things They Carried† is a short verisimilitude story. It was written by Tim O’Brien, who is a Vietnam veteran. He never dreamed it would have been such a captivating and life changing story that it has become. Tim O’Brien introduces us to life during the Vietnam War. He captures the feelings of each soldier as they were in the battle field. We are involved in their dreams, fears, and the ghosts that haunted them. These were some of the things they carried. â€Å"First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross carriedRead MoreAn Inside Look At A Soldiers Life in the Vietnam War Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pagesdeaths. From the beginning of the story, O’Brien the author of â€Å"The Things They Carried† uses specific details and illustrations to show readers what the experience was like for the men during the Vietnam war. Among the many things that the men carry were guilt, fear, grief, and stress. Throughout the story O’Brien emphasizes the dreadful events that these men carry with them by incorporating the use of multiple themes such as: the emotional and physical burdens, fear, psychological well being and theRead MoreSummary Of The Things They Carried 915 Words   |  4 Pagesthe story, The Things They Carried, Lieutenant Jimmy Cross is a man who is in two forms of war, one that is in Vietnam, and one that is mental. Lieutenant Cross carried many things while in war. Lieutenant Cross did not just carry equipment, he also  "carried the common secret of cowardice barley restrained, the instinct to run or freeze or hide, and in many respects this was the heaviest burden of all, for it could never be put down, it required perfect balance and posture† (O’Brien, 1198). ThroughoutRead MoreOverview: The Things They Carried by Tim OBrien1510 Words   |  7 Pages The Things They Carried is a novel written by Vietnam Veteran Tim O’Brien. The Vietnam War took place between 1955 and 1975. Most of the soldiers fighting were young teenage men around the age of eighteen and nineteen years old. Like O’Brien many of these young men were pulled away from their families and life to fight a war they didn’t approve of or even know about. This had a strong affect on most of these men and O’Brien uses different ways to show how the Vietnam War affected them both physicallyRead MoreThe Things They Carried By Tim O Brien917 Words   |  4 PagesThe Things They Carried is an autobi ographical novel written by Tim O’Brien that details his time as a soldier in the Vietnam War. Considered to be â€Å"the best work of fiction ever written about Vietnam, some even think it is the best about war,† (Greenya 1). The stories that are contained within the novel talk about themes such as loss, burdens, and the horrifying truths of the Vietnam War, the first war to take place during a more ‘modern’ era, as the tragedies of the war could be broadcasted throughRead More Tim OBriens The Things They Carried Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesTim OBriens The Things They Carried Culture teaches that men must dispense of ridiculous emotions and remain firm, following expected duties. O’Brien develops this theme of the transition from youth to manhood in his short story, â€Å"The Things They Carried.† Through the protagonist Jimmy Cross, metaphors of weight, and futile ideas of freedom, O’Brien reveals how society expects young men in transition to adulthood to let go of impractical idealism and dwell instead on the cruel reality of theRead MoreEssay On The Things They Carried1058 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"The Things They Carried† provides a personal view into the minds of soldiers, and tells us the emotional and psychological costs of war. First Lieutenant Jimmy Cross is stationed in Vietnam in the middle of the war. He seems to be a man in love, or more like a man in love with the idea of a lady named Martha. He ends up changing from a love struck, blind man into a firm, leading soldier. In this story, the characters do t he things they do because of desires and motivations. In â€Å"The Things

Monsters And The Core Program - 1826 Words

Monsters and Villains in the Core Program Monsters and villains have been a very crucial part in Core 3 and Core 4. We have read some of the most well none villains in Core including Humbaba from Gilgamesh, Polyphemus from The Odyssey, Grendel from Beowulf, and Iago from Othello. Teratology is the study of monsters and throughout Core we have learned some of the characteristics that are monsters have in common. Mostly all the monsters that we have studied reveals society’s fears or something wrong with society. We furthered this discussion by figuring out why these villains did such evil acts. In this paper, I will discuss the monsters we have studied in Core 3 and 4 and then compare and contrast their stories and monstrous†¦show more content†¦This is almost strange when one thinks of a monster asking for forgiveness. Revisiting the story I start to notice that Humbaba is not necessarily and evil person. Humbaba does not stay in the forest and protects it like an ogre protects his swamp, he was placed there. Humbaba was placed at the Cedar Forest by Enlil, the king of the gods, to protect the forest (Gilgamesh, 133). Humbaba was just doing his job, guarding the trees so that humans would not cut them down and destroy them. Another villain that we read in Core 3 comes from the story of The Odyssey. Polyphemus is the gigantic one eye monster that Odysseus meets on his way back home. Odysseus stops at his island and Polyphemus then catches them and takes Odysseus and his crew as prisoners and for food. Although Polyphemus is a powerful being, son of Poseidon, he is not the brightest. Polyphemus is freely convinced that Odysseus’s name is â€Å"Nobody†. When he realizes that his name is â€Å"Nobody†, Odysseus starts to stab his eye in the hope of getting away. This causes some disorientation especially when Polyphemus screams to his fellow giants that â€Å"Nobody† is hurting him (Odyssey ). Polyphemus w as not the only monster that was in The Odyssey, there was also Polyphemus and Humbaba were the two monsters that we focused on in Core 3, now I will discuss the villains we encountered in Core 4. In Beowulf there was many monsters that include Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the Dragon.

The Effects Of Violent Music Content On Teens free essay sample

Throughout history the human populous has been attracted to music. Whether It be part of a ritual, an emotional release, religious reasons, or just for listening pleasure music has been at the center of our society. We have used music to express ourselves, tell stories, and let others into our thoughts. However, we often wonder whether what we are saying has an effect on the listening audience. Recently, in the asss references have often been made to link violent and deviant behavior to music and certain music genres.Some such genres Include but are not limited to; heavy metal, death metal, rap, angst rap, industrial, hardcore, and alternative music. During the last decade we have seen music lyrics become more and more violent and sexually explicit. Experts argue that this can cause problems in children and adolescents. Studies show that the average teenager listens to approximately 40 hours of music in a given week. Teenagers often do not understand what is being said, in fact in one study only 30 percent of those questioned knew the lyrics to their favorite songs and they all had varied comprehension as to what the message was. It could be argued that if the lyrics were not included in the artists booklet then the audience would never know what was being said. Some lyrics are indeed harsh such as this Nine Inch Nails lyric: I am a big man yes I am; and I have a big gun; got me a big ole *censored* and I like to have fun; held against your forehead Ill make you suck; you know, just for the *censored* of it.Obviously we cannot interpret this as a positive meaning. A sampling of lyrics from Marilyn Manson include Who says date rape sin t fun, The housewife I will beat.. And slit my teenage wrist, among others. Manson concerts are often grounds to bash religion and rip bibles while fan chant we hate love, we love hate. Other songs that have overtones of violence include slap-a-ho by Dove Shack and another song sung by death metal band Cannibal Corpse in which they make reference to masturbating with a dead womans head.Avid music lovers attest that they words sung in these songs are just words and or no different that poetry printed in literature books. No studies to date have concluded that listening to a song that speaks of death will make a manager want to go out and kill. Do these kinds of lyrics breed todays children to be killers and to be sexually promiscuous? Yes, and no, depending on who you speak to. Listening to music does not drive people to kill, and no proof of such has been offered.In fact, one teacher speaks of a student who wore a Metallic shirt everyday to school and wrote lyrics with foul language, but was often seen sitting in the front row at Sunday mass with his mother in a nice suit. The same people who go out to see Black Sabbath and Motley Cruel are the name people who hand le world finance and international affairs, it is just their choice in music. Studies that use music videos on the other hand show an increased tolerance in deviant behavior among both males and females. Music videos add reinforcement to what is being heard with the use of visuals.Now an extra sense is being used. Videos often exhibit sexual innuendo, acts of aggression, and gender stereotypes. Studies showed that men have a tolerable attitude as to what is violent and what is too far in sexual advances. Women have less of a tolerance. Studies have also found that heavy metal music and giants rap influence mess attitudes towards women and that increased exposure to videos containing interpersonal violence against women tended to increase mens acceptance of rape myths such as she was dressing like she wanted it or she brought it on herself. In contrast, women is beliefs decreased and they felt that men were coming on too strong and being to aggressive. Another study conducted on college campuses in the northwestern United States involved men and women watching various music videos and then answering a set of questions afterwards. One video was The Way You Make Me Feel by Michael Jackson which depicts a man stalking a woman who then becomes infatuated in his game of pursuit. The other was The Stand by ERM which only showed the band on-stage playing instruments.In questions answered after the videos men said it was necessary to pursue the woman to such an extent while women thought it was annoying and/or disturbing. Men scored higher on a attitudes for sexual overtones, while surprisingly women scored slightly higher on the acceptance of interpersonal violence. The studies did conclude that women who were often subjected to violent music videos were more accepting of violence than those who have not had constant viewing o r listening to such lyrics and images. It also showed that men had a greater acceptance of sexual stereotyping and rape myths after being subjected to the videos. Many methods of behavior modification have been suggested in order to keep this music from causing harm or hurting anyone individuals. Many arguments can be made as to whether the music should be censored or if it is unconstitutional to do. The American Academy Of Pediatrics recommends different types of behavior modification to combat the harmful effects of this music.One such idea is as simple as having parents be aware as to what their children are listening to, and to discuss anything they deem objectionable. This would be a positive way to relate emotions to the songs. Another idea proposed is labeling of content in compact discs. It would be labeled outside as to what the lyrics contained (I. E. Language, sex, drugs). It has also been suggested that groups as well as individuals approach record impasses, music studies, and artists and ask them to consider the ramifications of their music on their audience and market it accordingly and in a favorable manner.Ideas have been proposed to set up research studies to further investigate the effects of explicit music on the behavior of teenagers. One of the most effective ideas proposed is as simple as people accept that this music is an art form and a means of self-expression and emotional release and treat it as such. Just as with rock and roll and Elvis Presley people will always find something wrong with the music that others listen to.

President Of USA Essays - Heads Of State, Titles,

President Of USA The position of being the president of the United States is the most powerful office in the world. The president is the leader of a nation of wealth and great military strength. Unlike most governments around the world, our president is the chief of state and a head of government. Also each and every president has played their own important role in shaping our history. A person who would like to run for president must fit the qualifications. First of all he must be a "natural born" citizen of the United States. The person must be at least 35 years of age and must have lived in the United States for fourteen years or more. After this the person is then nominated by a national political party convention. Then the person is elected by the vote of the electoral college which is held in December following the election on the first Tuesday in November every four years. The inauguration is held January 20 after election. The president is elected for a four year term but he may not be elected for more than two terms. The president yearly receives a salary of two hundred thousand dollars. After leaving office he is eligible for a pension of ninety nine thousand five hundred dollars. The daily life of the president is filled with many tasks. Being the chief of state the president performs many public and ceremonial duties. He also must make sure federal laws are enforced. The president also acts as the commander in chief of the nations armed forces and he is in charge of the national defense. The president is in charge of determining United States relations with other countries. The executive branch of the federal government is run by the president. The branch consists of thirteen executive departments, and over one hundred independent agencies. Almost three million civilian employees and two million members of the armed forces are included in the executive branch. Over the years the presidents responsibilities have increased. Court decisions, customs, laws and other developments have expanded the presidents responsibilities and powers. Different powers are used by the president to carry out his administrative duties. There are hundreds of laws that give the president emergency powers. This means that the president has special authority to prevent or end a national emergency. The president can also give executive orders. Executive orders have the force of a law that are issued through directions, proclamations or statements by the president. They require no action by congress. Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which was on of the most famous executive orders ever. It declared freedom for all slaves in the areas under the confederate control.

Group Dynamics Essay Example

Group Dynamics Essay Example Group Dynamics Essay Group Dynamics Essay Group dynamics is the study of groups, and also a general term for group processes. Relevant to the fields of psychology, sociology, and communication studies, a group is two or more individuals who are connected to each other by social relationships. [1] Because they interact and influence each other, groups develop a number of dynamic processes that separate them from a random collection of individuals. These processes include norms, roles, relations, development, need to belong, social influence, and effects on behavior. The field of group dynamics is primarily concerned with small group behavior. Groups may be classified as aggregate, primary, secondary and category groups. Key theorists Gustave Le Bon was a French social psychologist whose seminal study, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind (1896) led to the development of group psychology. Sigmund Freuds Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, (1922) based on a critique of Le Bons work, led to further development in theories of group behavior in the latter half of the twentieth century. Kurt Lewin (1943, 1948, 1951) is commonly identified as the founder of the movement to study groups scientifically. He coined the term group dynamics to describe the way groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstances. William Schutz (1958, 1966) looked at interpersonal relations from the perspective of three dimensions: inclusion, control, and affection. This became the basis for a theory of group behavior that sees groups as resolving issues in each of these stages in order to be able to develop to the next stage. : Conversely, a group may also devolve to an earlier stage if unable to resolve outstanding issues in a particular stage. Wilfred Bion (1961) studied group dynamics from a psychoanalytic perspective, and stated that he was much influenced by Wilfred Trotter for whom he worked at University College Hospital London, as did another key figure in the Psychoanalytic movement, Ernest Jones. Many of Bions findings were reported in his published books, especially Experiences in Groups. The Tavistock Institute has further developed and applied the theory and practices developed by Bion. Bruce Tuckman (1965) proposed the four-stage model called Tuckmans Stages for a group. Tuckmans model states that the ideal group decision-making process should occur in four stages: Forming (pretending to get on or get along with others); Storming (letting down the politeness barrier and trying to get down to the issues even if tempers flare up ); Norming (getting used to each other and developing trust and productivity); Performing (working in a group to a common goal on a highly efficient and cooperative basis). Tuckman later added a fifth stage for the dissolution of a group called adjourning. (Adjourning may also be referred to as mourning, i. e. mourning the adjournment of the group). It should be noted that this model refers to the overall pattern of the group, but of course individuals within a group work in different ways. If distrust persists, a group may never even get to the norming stage. M. Scott Peck developed stages for largers of common barriers are: expectations and preconceptions; prejudices; ideology, counterproductive norms, theology and solutions; the need to heal, convert, fix or solve and the need to control. A community is born when its members reach a stage of emptiness or peace. Application Group dynamics form a basis for group therapy, often with therapeutic approaches that are formed of groups such as family therapy and the expressive therapies. Politicians and sales personnel may use their knowledge of the principles of group dynamics to aid their cause. Increasingly, group dynamics are of interest in light of online social interaction and virtual communities made possible by the internet. Software Project Management The agile software development which puts emphasis on people rather than processes has been interested in Group Dynamics. It is then known that some gile practices (Collective Code Ownership and pair programming) must be taken with care because developers in a team-rewarded team will eventually try to match their efforts to the average of what they think their teammates are doing (Lui and Chan). See also Cogs Ladder Collaboration Collaborative method Crowd psychology Facilitator Forming-storming-norming-performing Group-dynamic games Group (sociology) Gr oup conflict Group selection Groupthink Group process Interpersonal relationships Small-group communication Talking circle Counterproductive norms Notes 1. ^ Forsyth, D. R. (2006) Group Dynamics . ^ Peck, M. S. (1987) The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace. p. 95-103. References Bion, W. R. 1961. Experiences in Groups: And Other Papers. Tavistock. Reprinted, 1989 Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04020-5 Forsyth, D. R. 2006. Group Dynamics, 4th Edition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. ISBN 0-534-36822-0 . Freud, Sigmund (1922) Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. New York: Liveright Publishing. Homans, G. C. 1974. Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms, Rev. Ed. New York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-581417-6 Le Bon, G. (1896) The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind. London: Ernest Benn Limited. Lewin, K. (1947) Frontiers in group dynamics 1. Human Relations 1, 5-41. - (1948) Resolving Social Conflicts: Selected Papers on Group Dynamics. New York: Harper Row. Lui and Chan (2008) Software Development Rhythms, John Wiley and Sons. Peck, M. S. 1987. The Different Drum: Community-Making and Peace. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0-684-84858-9 Schutz, W. 1958. FIRO: A Three-Dimensional Theory of Interpersonal Behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston. Tuckman, B. 1965. Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological bulletin, 63, 384-399.

Converting Numbers Into Words Using JavaScript

Converting Numbers Into Words Using JavaScript Lots of programming involves calculations with numbers, and  you can easily format numbers for display by adding commas, decimals, negative signs, and other appropriate characters depending on the kind of number it is. But youre not always presenting your results as part of a mathematical equation. The Web for the general user is more about words than it is about numbers, so sometimes a number displayed as a number isnt appropriate. In this case, you need the equivalent of the number in words, not in numerals. This is where you can  run into difficulties. How do you convert  the numeric  results of your calculations when you need the number displayed in words? Converting a number into words isnt exactly the most straightforward of tasks, but it can be done using JavaScript that isnt too complex. JavaScript to Convert Numbers Into Words If you want to be able to do these conversions on your site,  you will need a JavaScript code that can do the conversion for you. The simplest way to do this is to use the code below; just select the code and copy it into a file called toword.js. // Convert numbers to words// copyright 25th July 2006, by Stephen Chapman http://javascript.about.com// permission to use this Javascript on your web page is granted// provided that all of the code (including this copyright notice) is// used exactly as shown (you can change the numbering system if you wish) // American Numbering Systemvar th [,thousand,million, billion,trillion];// uncomment this line for English Number System// var th [,thousand,million, milliard,billion]; var dg [zero,one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine]; var tn [ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen, fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen]; var tw [twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety]; function toWords(s){s s.toString(); s s.replace(/[\, ]/g,); if (s ! parseFloat(s)) return not a number; var x s.indexOf(.); if (x -1) x s.length; if (x 15) return too big; var n s.split(); var str ; var sk 0; for (var i0; i x; i) {if((x-i)%32) {if (n[i] 1) {str tn[Number(n[i1])] ; i; sk1;}else if (n[i]!0) {str tw[n[i]-2] ;sk1;}} else if (n[i]!0) {str dg[n[i]] ; if ((x-i)%30) str hundred ;sk1;} if ((x-i)%31) {if (sk)str th[(x-i-1)/3] ;sk0;}} if (x ! s.length) {var y s.length; str point ; for (var ix1; istr.replace(/\s/g, );} Next,  link the script into the head of your page using the following code: var words toWords(num); The final step is to call the script to perform the conversion to words for you. To get a number converted to words you just need to call the function passing it the number you want to convert and the corresponding words will be returned. Numbers to Words Limitations Note that this function can convert numbers as big as 999,999,999,999,999 into words and  with as many decimal places as you like. If you try to convert a number bigger than that it will return too big. Numbers, commas, spaces, and a single period for the decimal point are the only acceptable characters that can be used for the number being converted. If it contains anything beyond these characters, it will return not a number. Negative Numbers If you want to convert negative numbers of currency values to words you should remove those symbols from the number first and convert those to words separately.